belarus meaning in politics

In several districts, the results had to be discarded because the number of voters fell short of the minimum turnout of 50 percent. Violence in wake of Belarus election leaves one dead as Europe, US condemn police crackdown . [99] However, political scientist Mikhail Vinogradov explained that "Lukashenko will play tough to the public while trying to look weak in front of Putin," and the Carnegie Moscow Center's Artyom Shraibman suggested that "Moscow will most likely fail to find its base among Belarusians. Lukashenko won the election with 80% of the vote; the Russian Federation and the CIS deemed the vote open and fair[142] while the OSCE and other organizations called the election unfair. Tennis player Victoria Azarenka became the first Belarusian to win a Grand Slam singles title at the Australian Open in 2012. [202] On 1 June 2011, Belarus requested an economic rescue package from the International Monetary Fund. Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus", "Belarus: Window of Opportunity (see Table 15, page 66)", "The United Nations and Chernobyl – The Republic of Belarus", "Ecological reservation in Belarus fosters new approaches to soil remediation", "Country Report: Belarus Borders: Borders and policy in Belarus", "Section IV:The President, Parliament, Government, the Courts", "Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Belarus", "Lukashenka promises "serfdom" in villages", "Pańszczyzna u Łukaszenki. It was based on the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The small, eastern European nation of Belarus is in turmoil. The Bolsheviks created a puppet Soviet government of Belarus in Smolensk. [62], In a Russification drive in the 1840s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. Groups such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) declared the election "un-free" because of the opposition parties' poor results and media bias in favor of the government. Минаев В. Западная Белоруссия и Западная Украина под гнетом панской Польши.—М., 1939. On July 27, 2001, they continued to "create problems for him on the international stage." [164] In addition to the CIS, Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Economic Community, the Collective Security Treaty Organisation,[156] the international Non-Aligned Movement since 1998,[165] and the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Belarus in British English. Policies of Polonization[60] changed by Russification,[61] which included the return to Orthodox Christianity of Belorusian Uniates. Meeting in mid-October 1992 and encouraged by the electoral victory of former communists in Lithuania and growing resistance to President Boris Yeltsin's reforms in Russia, the Supreme Soviet solidly rejected the demand for a referendum. As an OSCE member state, Belarus's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. [209], Belarus's two official languages are Russian and Belarusian;[211] Russian is the most common language used at home, used by 70% of the population, while Belarusian, the official first language, is spoken at home by 23%. [218], Belarus was once a major center of European Jews, with 10% of the population being Jewish. The choice of the name was probably based on the fact that the educated core of the newly formed government was educated in the tsardom universities, with a corresponding education around the ideology of West-Russianism. [232][233], The traditional Belarusian dress originates from the Kievan Rus' period. From 1 July until 31 December 2016, the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation and series 2000 notes and coins can be exchanged for series 2009 from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk, many people, including most rival presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the state militia. This left parliament in limbo because it had only 120 elected deputies, short of the 174 required for a quorum. 04.12.20 18:17 Belarus, Azerbaijan to step up cooperation after pandemic Politics 04.12.20 17:55 Active longevity strategy until 2030 approved in Belarus Society [52], On 2 February 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were joined in a personal union through a marriage of their rulers. There is no chance that independent observers will recognise this month’s parliamentary election in Belarus as free and fair. In 1995 other parties included the Belarusian Ecological Party, the National Democratic Party of Belarus, the Party of People's Accord, the All-Belarusian Party of Popular Unity and Accord, the Belarusian United Agrarian Democratic Party, the Belarusian Scientific Industrial Congress, the Belarusian Green Party, the Belarusian Humanitarian Party, the Belarusian Party of Labor, the Belarusian Party of Labor and Justice, the Belarusian Socialist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus, the Polish Democratic Union, and the Republican Party. Upon the death of Kievan Rus' ruler Yaroslav I the Wise, the state split into independent principalities. The Belarusian blogger assessed the prospects of current events in Minsk. On August 28, Prime Minister Vyacheslav Kebich declared that he and his entire cabinet had "suspended" their CPB membership. Since his election in July 1994 to a 5-year term as Belarus's first President Alexander Lukashenko has consolidated power steadily. During that time, Germany destroyed 209 out of 290 cities in the republic, 85% of the republic's industry, and more than one million buildings. For other uses, see. The book devotes most attention to imperial confessional and language policy, for in Russian discourse at that time it was religion and language that were considered to be the most important criteria determining nationality. The next day, both the Russian and the Belarusian governments suspended the activities of the communist party. [46] Many early Rus' principalities were virtually razed or severely affected by a major Mongol invasion in the 13th century, but the lands of modern Belarus avoided the brunt of the invasion and eventually joined the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Andrei Arlovski, who was born in Babruysk, Byelorussian SSR, is a current UFC fighter and the former UFC heavyweight champion of the world. [117] Belarus has an average annual rainfall of 550 to 700 mm (21.7 to 27.6 in). "[98] An idea backed by Putin for years, observers have labeled the potential plan a scheme by Putin to remain in power beyond 2024. Making Russians is an innovative study dealing with Russian nationalities policy in Lithuania and Belarus in the aftermath of the 1863 Uprising. [94], A national constitution was adopted in March 1994 in which the functions of prime minister were given to the President of Belarus. It allowed the right to own land within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to only its own families. The national football team has never qualified for a major tournament; however, BATE Borisov has played in the Champions League. Lukashenko was quoted as saying that he has an "authoritarian ruling style" that he uses to run the country. Lukashenko's government was also plagued by corrupt members. In 2005, the Lukashenko government launched a campaign against the Union of Poles in Belarus (UPB) which represents the Polish minority in Belarus and was the largest civil organization uncontrolled by the government at that time. Conservative Kebich, who actually controlled the ministries, won a temporary victory when, in January 1994, he survived a no-confidence vote that ousted Shushkevich and replaced him with Kyebich's ally, Myechyslaw Hryb. Lukashenko was reelected in 2001 with 77 percent of the vote in an election widely denounced as fraudulent outside of Belarus. [91][92], In June 1988, the archaeologist and leader of the Christian Conservative Party of the BPF Zyanon Paznyak discovered mass graves of victims executed in 1937–41 at Kurapaty, near Minsk. Maryia Sadouskaya-Komlach is a Belarusian journalist and program coordinator at Free Press Unlimited. [125] The National Assembly is a bicameral parliament comprising the 110-member House of Representatives (the lower house) and the 64-member Council of the Republic (the upper house). [138][139] Re-admission of the country into the Council is dependent on the completion of benchmarks set by the Council, including the improvement of human rights, rule of law and democracy. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts but the gradual assimilation of the Balts into Slavic culture was peaceful in nature.[45]. Pres. Lukashenko even called for outright unification with Russia, but it was his anti-corruption stance that allowed him to defeat Kebich in the runoff with 80 percent of the vote. The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [124] Alexander Lukashenko has been the president of Belarus since 1994. More than 442,000 signatures in support of the move were collected within three months, but the initiators had underestimated the conservatism of the Supreme Soviet. Freedom of assembly is restricted under former Soviet law, which is still valid. [140], Neither the pro-Lukashenko parties, such as the Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party and the Republican Party of Labour and Justice, nor the People's Coalition 5 Plus opposition parties, such as the Belarusian People's Front and the United Civil Party of Belarus, won any seats in the 2004 elections. [195] The ruble was reintroduced with new values in 2000 and has been in use ever since. [157], Bilateral relations with the United States are strained; the United States had not had an ambassador in Minsk since 2007 and Belarus never had an ambassador in Washington since 2008. [236], Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation. The Belorussian senior group earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics. Hundreds of thousands of people are protesting in the capital Minsk, cities and towns across Belarus demanding the release of political … Belarus's main opposition leader says she took a "very difficult decision" to leave the country, after disputing an election result she claimed was rigged. In the meantime, the Supreme Soviet adopted a constitution that went into effect on March 30, 1994, and created the office of president, who would now be the head of government instead of the prime minister. Previously, Lukashenko had been limited to two terms and thus would have been constitutionally required to step down after the next presidential election, due in 2006, but this referendum opened the way to him to stay in power without any limits on number of terms. "[241] On 9 May a parade, to commemorate Victory in Europe Day, went ahead in the centre of Minsk, with a concert and festive fireworks planned as part of the programme. [80] Belarusian leadership was sent to Bereza Kartuska prison.[81]. [208], Like many other eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. He spent the World War I years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist avant-garde and was a founder of the Vitebsk Arts College. Around 1840 the Statutes were banned by the Russian tsar following the November Uprising. [160] In a referendum in 2004, a constitutional amendment lifted the restriction on the number of terms for president. [53] This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569 by the Union of Lublin. RusPDAVersion for Visually Impaired People", "Law of the Republic of Belarus – About the name of the Republic of Belarus", "Lithuania Refuses to Call Belarus as "Belarusia, "The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation", "Belarusian": UCLA Language Materials Project, Воссоединение униатов и исторические судьбы Белорусского народа, "Europe's Last Dictatorship Is Opposed by the Oldest Exiled Government in the World", "25 years ago it was announced that Joseph Pilsudski – Belarusian (Photo)", "War, Population Displacement and State Formation in the Russian Borderlands 1914–1924", Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941), Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, "This Chart Shows The Astounding Devastation Of World War II", "Great Patriotic War in Belarus | Belarus.by", "Andrei Gromyko Dies, Was Soviet Diplomat for 50 Years", "Belarus: Five things you may not know about the country", "Standing up for Free and Fair Elections in Belarus", The Strange Death of Russia's Closest Alliance, "Belarus Ready to 'Unite' With Russia, Lukashenko Says", "Russia May Absorb Belarus: 'We're Ready to Unite,' President Says", "Could Russia and Belarus trade oil for national sovereignty? Government restrictions on freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, religions, and movement all increased in 2001. [149] However, there is a political will to fight against corruption in the government, and the government has made some progress in combating corruption, such as minimizing tax regulations in order to improve transparency in the tax office. [citation needed] The borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn, in accord with the 1919-proposed Curzon Line. [188] GDP only began to rise in 1996;[189] the country was the fastest-recovering former Soviet republic in the terms of its economy. [210] There are about 0.87 males per female in Belarus. Invaders from Asia, among whom were the Huns and Avars, swept through c. 400–600 AD, but were unable to dislodge the Slavic presence. Belarusian political scientist Uladzimir Rouda describes the value in terms of the government being an economic and administrative agency that subordinate to the Head of State. About one-fifth of the population of Belarus resides in the centrally located capital, Minsk , a sprawling modern city that was almost entirely rebuilt after its near destruction in World War II . Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. The politics of Belarus takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Belarus is the head of state. [217] President Lukashenko has stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the "two main confessions in our country". Since then, she has transformed from a self-described "mother and wife" indifferent to politics into an outspoken opposition leader who has challenged Lukashenko to a … An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered, was Ales Adamovich. In addition, remains from the Dnieper-Donets culture were found in Belarus and parts of Ukraine. This is so commonplace in most countries around the world that it’s hard to explain to outsiders how unusual a development this is in Belarus. [87] This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. On several occasions, warnings were given to trade unions considered too political and not sufficiently constructive. [144] Many of the candidates, including Sannikov, were sentenced to prison or house arrest for terms which are mainly and typically over four years. There he came to realize that Russia would not make any unusual efforts to accommodate Belarus, especially its economic needs. The United Democratic Party of Belarus was founded in November 1990 and was the first political party in independent Belarus other than the communist party. There was also widespread apathy toward the political process and disbelief that what were being advertised as democratic ways would improve the situation. Belarus television is interested in the question of possible Polish direction of the disturbances in Belarus. Before 1918, both countries were part of the Russian Empire and both were part of the USSR until 1991. He ran for a fourth term in 2010, this time taking 77 percent of the vote. [225], After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. [38][39] In Russia, the usage of “Belorussia” still is very common. We do not recognize him but we must deal with him, U.S. no longer recognizes Lukashenko as legitimate president of Belarus, "U.S., EU Sanction Belarus in Coordinated Western Action", "Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier. [192] Belarus applied to become a member of the World Trade Organization in 1993. Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist Vasil Kiryienka, who won the 2015 Road World Time Trial Championship, and middle-distance runner Maryna Arzamasava, who won the gold medal in the 800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics. The president appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. The next day, pressed by the small but vocal democratic opposition, the parliament changed the state's name from the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic to the Republic of Belarus. During his stay, he worked with Belarusian poet Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich and created the opera Sialanka (Peasant Woman). Alexander Lukashenko has been in power for a quarter century and claims he won 80% of the vote. [129] The members of this council need not be members of the legislature and are appointed by the president. [209] Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are literate. Although the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic on July 27, 1990 (some two weeks after Russia had declared its own sovereignty), the March 1991 referendum held throughout the Soviet Union showed that 83 percent of Belarusians wanted to preserve the Soviet Union. In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41% and its fertility rate was 1.22,[209] well below the replacement rate. [183] In 2005, nearly a quarter of the population was employed by industrial factories. Belarus is a presidential republic, governed by a president and the National Assembly. [16][87][88][89] The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971. The main problem in the second round was the lack of voter turnout. Though the pro-independence Belarusian Popular Front took only 10% of the seats, the populace was content with the selection of the delegates. Prime Minister. [59], Under Nicholas I and Alexander III the national cultures were repressed. The electorate seemed to be responsive. The currency was introduced in May 1992 to replace the Soviet ruble and it has undergone redenomination twice since then. On December 8, Shushkevich joined Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk in signing the Belavezha Accords, which declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. The legacy of Belarus’s Soviet past also continued to manifest itself, both in the persistent prominence of communist political parties and in the country’s authoritarian style of government. Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. But he has seriously mishandled opposition protests, says a Belarus-born scholar of Eastern European politics. [152][153] Belarus was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Mikhail Myasnikovich; National Assembly. After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev continued his predecessor's cultural hegemony program, stating, "The sooner we all start speaking Russian, the faster we shall build communism. 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Belarus is especially interesting because its close economic and political-military ties to Russia have weakened in the past 10 years. A widely heard rhetorical question was, "What is more useful, sausage or freedom?" During that time frame, Shushkevich directed his country in a way to become free from its Soviet past and try to look towards the West. [162] Belarus also has strong ties with Syria,[163] considered a key partner in the Middle East. Under Lukashenko, Belarus’s government has shut down or censored independent news outlets and jailed hundreds of political opponents. Cookies help us deliver our services. [128], The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers. The March 4, 1990, elections to the republic's Supreme Soviet gave the country a legislature that was little different from previous legislatures: only 10 percent of the deputies were members of the opposition. A country of eastern Europe east of Poland and west of Russia. [clarification needed], Since 2014, following years of embrace of Russian influence in the country, Lukashenko has pressed a revival of Belarusian identity. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Noticeable gymnasts include Inna Zhukova, who earned silver at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Liubov Charkashyna, who earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics and Melitina Staniouta, Bronze All-Around Medalist of the 2015 World Championships. The party's goals include privatization of land, a free market, a democratic government, and support of Belarusian culture and humanism. Although Article 16 of the 1996 amended constitution, see the above referendum, reaffirms the equality of religions and denominations before the law, it also contains restrictive language that stipulated that cooperation between the state and religious organizations "is regulated with regard for their influence on the formation of spiritual, cultural, and country traditions of the Belarusian people.". In the 2020 presidential election the official result was 80% for Lukashenko again. Executive power is exercised by the government, at its top sits a prime minister, appointed by the President. [23][22] Lukashenko announced a new law in 2014 that will prohibit kolkhoz workers (around 9% of total work force) from leaving their jobs at will—a change of job and living location will require permission from governors. [74][75][76] After an early period of liberalization, tensions between increasingly nationalistic Polish government and various increasingly separatist ethnic minorities started to grow, and the Belarusian minority was no exception. In May 2001, a complaint was lodged with the ILO by several trade union organizations. The main result of the month of the crisis: all the pros […] [64][72] In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including collectivization and five-year plans for the national economy, led to famine and political repression. As a reward to the parliament for confirming his appointees, Lukashenko supported the move to postpone the parliamentary elections until May 1995. The six regions are divided into 118 raions. The populace voted "yes" on all four questions: Russian as an official language, the return of a Soviet-era red and green flag, economic integration with Russia, and presidential power to dissolve the Supreme Soviet. The runner-up opposition leader Andrei Sannikov received less than 3% of the vote; independent observers criticized the election as fraudulent. [50] During this time, the Duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of Poland against the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410; the joint victory allowed the Duchy to control the northwestern borderlands of Eastern Europe. The new parliament may even come to once again lack any opposition, which would probably mean that anti-European forces in the Belarusian political system regain influence. Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometer (127 per sq mi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas. [112] The average elevation of Belarus is 160 m (525 ft) above sea level. Economically, Belarus involved itself in the CIS, Eurasian Economic Community, and Union with Russia. [90] In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was contaminated with most (70%) of the nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant located 16 km beyond the border in the neighboring Ukrainian SSR. The opposition, which has staged mass protests since his disputed election in early August, immediately decried the inauguration as illegitimate. Трайнин И.Национальное и социальное освобождение Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии.—М., 1939.—80 с. Гiсторыя Беларусі. [118] The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of caesium binders and rapeseed cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of caesium-137. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts. The new constitution has a popularly elected president who serves a five-year term. Kyebich himself characterized his policy as "traditional" and warned about taking "extreme" positions. There were 679,000 unemployed Belarusians, two-thirds of whom were women. [116] The climate features mild to cold winters, with January minimum temperatures ranging from −4 °C (24.8 °F) in southwest (Brest) to −8 °C (17.6 °F) in northeast (Vitebsk), and cool and moist summers with an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F). )(2002) The EU and Belarus: Between Moscow and Brussels, London : Kogan Page, This page was last edited on 11 December 2020, at 01:34. Its export market 449–474, this page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at its top sits prime! Biathlete whose honours include three gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics as an independent nation 216! Been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the population Jewish! Statistically, the bank accounts of the working population a whole—about 1.9 % in 2005, about 1.4 % the... The opera Sialanka ( Peasant Woman ) July 1990 by issuing the declaration of state Serbia needs to.... 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