Tássia C. Confortin, ... Marcio A. Mazutti, in New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019. This sets the nanovirids clearly apart from other viruses transmitted in a circulative manner, such as geminiviruses and luteoviruses. WMV is transmitted by at least 35 aphid species in 19 genera. We have found Aphis craccivora feeding on garden Vicia cracca(tufted vetch) at Shoreham-by-Sea in West Sussex. 2009. Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora. One subspecies, A. craccivora pseudoacaciae, is recognized, and feeds primarily on Asteraceae and Fabaceae. The probability of inducing the TDP here increases from 0 (the probability that the environmental stimulus can induce it) to 1 and satisfies Shannon’s definition of information. (chewing insects), Aphis craccivora, and B. tabaci (sucking insects) the peroxidase activity in the three cultures was significant after insect feeding. Airborne vectors bringing a virus into a crop from outside will infect a greater proportion of the plants in a given area when they are widely spaced than when they are close together. ZYMV-NAT has a A to T substitution in the DAG motif in the CP, ZYMV-PAT a T to A substitution in the PTK motif and ZYMV-R1A a K to E substitution in the KLSC motif, both in the HC-Pro. Aphis craccivora a polyphagous aphid species with a preference for Fabaceae. Host associations. Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) is one of the serious pests of cowpea.Bioefficacy of four insecticides with different concentrations namely Jholmol (125 ml/L), Neemix (2 ml/L), Cannabis extract (100 g/L), Chlorpyrifos 50% EC and Cypermethrin 5% EC (2 ml/L) along with control were evaluated against aphid at Research Station of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal in 2018. CAB International with The Natural For FBNYV it has been demonstrated that purified virions alone are not transmissible by its aphid vector, regardless of whether they are acquired from artificial diets or directly microinjected into the aphid's hemocoel. Volume 2 The Aphids. Recent surveys in southern Italy suggest that AV1 has become the predominant, if not the only, virus affecting commercial asparagus crops (Tomassoli et al., 2008b, 2009). These results suggest that the synthesis or increase of the specific enzymes in the plant can increase the resistance of plants to insects, resulting in lower food consumption by the insects [66]. Blackman, R.L. Agriculture Canada Technical Bulletin 1991-3E. AMV causes more damage in other crops such as alfalfa and pepper. Eastop. Together with the observation that longer acquisition and inoculation access feeding periods resulted in higher transmission rates, the long persistence of nanovirids in their insect vectors indicates that they are transmitted in a circulative persistent manner similar to that of luteoviruses. Several researchers have examined ant attendance of Aphis craccivora. SCSV has been reported to be vectored also by the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), and PNYDV by the cowpea- and pea aphid and the vetch aphid (Megoura viciae). It is emphasized that this system of self-defense, comprising enzymes, toxins, and other defensive elements, is expressed in response to herbivory, and studies seek to understand the responses generated by the resistance induced by plants, and their implications for management strategies with a focus on agricultural pests. A. craccivora is mainly found on plants in the Leguminosae. A Guide to the Winged Aphids of Costa Rica. The extent of damage in the Mediterranean basin is limited. Jack H. Westwood, Mark Stevens, in Advances in Virus Research, 2010. Voegtlin, D., W. Villalobos, M.V. It is one of the commonest aphid species in the tropics. Diagrammatic representation of the “stimulus detour” mechanism of the induction of transgenerational developmental change. At least 10 aphid species belonging to the tribes Macrosiphini and Aphidini were reported as vectors of nanovirids. Thus War et al. and V.F. Citation: Li X, Du L, Jiang X-J, Ju Q, Qu C-J, Qu M-J and Liu T-X (2020) Identification and Characterization of Neuropeptides and Their G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in the Cowpea Aphid Aphis craccivora. The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) appears to be the major natural vector of these viruses as it is the most abundant aphid species on legume crops in the afflicted areas and was among the most efficient vectors under experimental conditions. gossypii, M. persicae, and Macrosiphum euphorbiae, but some of these accounts now appear questionable. The damage and bionomics of the aphid are briefly introduced. Aphis craccivora Koch. Under natural conditions, all viruses are transmitted by certain aphid species, in which they can persist for many days or weeks without replicating in their vectors. H.J. Common names. lmidacioprid 17.8 SL at 0.005 % concentration recorded highest … That information is the output of the neural processing released as a chemical/electrical signal. Receiving the stimulus (i.e., visual, olfactory, tactile, and auditory), the sensory receptors/organs transform it into an electrical message. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Originally of probable Palearctic origin, it is now an invasive species of cosmopolitan distribution. Other aphid vectors of FBNYV are the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) and the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch is a polyphagous pest of cowpea that attacks the crop, feeding on all plant parts and leading to significant yield losses [10–12]. Vetten, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008. It has been implicated in the transmission of over 50 plant viruses. This was the investigators’ assessment: Wing dimorphism is apparently controlled by a diffusible “alata-determiner” liberated from the head of the parent. J. Experimental aphid transmission tests proved that Myzus persicae and Aphis craccivora are able to transmit AV1 but not Aphis gossypii and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Fujisawa et al., 1983; Howell and Mink, 1985).Evans et al. Overview; Components; Publications; Map to UniProtKB (31,792) Unreviewed (31,792) TrEMBL. Eggs develop within the mother and nymphs are born live. The observations that 12% of seedlings after only 4 months from transplanting (Bandte et al., 2008) or more than 90% of plants in 2- to 3-year-old plantations (Tomassoli et al., 2008b) became infected by AV1 suggest that AV1 spread occurs very rapidly. On the contrary, when Asparagus maritimus, a wild species commonly cultivated in southern Italy for its sensory properties, was grown close to highly AV1-infected A. officinalis, a very low number of infected plants were found (Tomassoli et al., 2008b). John Wiley & Sons with the Natural History Museum, London. These mutants led to the identification of an interaction between the HC-Pro and CP through their PTK and DAG domains. Taxonomy at Aphid Species File. Cotton aphids are the primary aphid species of concern in cotton. Eastop. Cécile Desbiez, Hervé Lecoq, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2020. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Many plant species have a first line of nonspecific defense to aphid infestation that enables the plant to resist colonization to varying degrees. In autumn, the aphids appear to be able to move large distances to colonise establishing crops and pastures. 1991. John Wiley & Sons with the Natural History Museum, London. WMV and ZYMV as typical potyviruses require the presence of a virus-encoded helper component (HC-Pro) protein for transmission. A common misconception is that environmental stimuli are associated with some kind of information or instruction that tells the organism, or even genes, what to do. 2009).Aphids are important piercing-sucking insects that during feeding cause significant loss of a plant’s phloem sap, which is essential for plant growth (). Proteomes - Aphis craccivora (Cowpea aphid) ))) All None. Aranzazu Moreno, Alberto Fereres, in Advances in Virus Research, 2012. Nelson R. Cabej, in Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth, 2013. These play an important role in the defense of the plant for pest control because it reduces the absorption of nutrients by the invading organism [57]. The brain then leads the encoded stimulus through a labyrinthine chain of connections across various centers for carrying out the neural processing (Figure 4.16). 29, 30, and 31). Raworth. [65] studied the influence of two major types of insect pests (chewers and suckers) on three important agricultural crops (cotton, tomato, and cowpea) on peroxidase activity. Introduction. Consequently, a randomly distributed spatial pattern of virus-infected plants is frequently observed. Although this aphid species is very polyphagous, feeding on as many as 80 plant families, it appears to have a preference for the family Fabaceae. Reported cases of TDP arise in response to stressful stimuli or conditions and contribute to an organism’s fitness. Afr. A new trait requires information for a new spatiotemporal pattern of arrangement of millions of cells of several types (morphological and/or life history change) or the reorganization or addition of new neurons to form a special neural circuit (behavioral and/or life history change). [62] studied the effect of different feeding intensities of cochineal Coccus hesperidum (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on the activity of selected antioxidant enzymes in fishtail fern plants (Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw)). WMV and ZYMV are transmitted on the non-persistent mode: they are acquired and transmitted during very short probes (a few seconds to minutes), and their retention period in the vector is relatively short (a few hours). Resistance source to cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) Algerian landrace collection. Holman, J. It is a relatively small aphid and the adult is usually shiny black while the nymph is slate gray. The enzymatic system comprises antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, peroxiredoxin, catalase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), among others. Mnemonic i: APHCR: Taxon identifier i: 307492: Scientific name i: Aphis craccivora: Taxonomy navigation › Aphis. Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae are efficient WMV and ZYMV vectors. Taxonomy - Aphis craccivora (Cowpea aphid) (SPECIES) ))) Map to UniProtKB (174) Unreviewed (174) TrEMBL. The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, is the principal pest of bean crops in this region. The epigenetic information to trigger a signal cascade or induce a particular gene is generated after processing the stimulus in the brain. These observations together with results from complementation experiments suggest that FBNYV (and other nanovirids) require a virus-encoded helper factor for its vector transmission that is either dysfunctional or absent in purified virion preparations. Cowpea aphid, Black legume aphid, Groundnut aphid.. Distribution. [61], when evaluating defensive responses induced by peanut genotypes to caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphid attack Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), observed high levels of SOD indexes in all treatments, the results of which may be useful tools as biochemical markers for pest management. 1994. Thus, the information for the adaptive responses that lead to phenotypic (i.e., morphological, physiological, behavioral, and life history) changes in cases of TDP is generated through processing of stressful environmental stimuli in the brain. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. It is in the brain where it is decoded and the response is determined. The energetic cost of processing the stimulus in the brain is not negligible but neural processing is conserved in the course of evolution because of some benefit offsetting the cost. Several ZYMV isolates that have lost aphid transmissibility have been characterized, and a unique feature for this virus is that single amino acid mutants have been identified in the three domains important for transmission. As explained in Chapter 2, the genetic information for protein biosynthesis does not play a factor. Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. These dark-colored aphids generally feed near the tips of infested stems and have been reported from several Kansas alfalfa fields since 1999. Theoretical speculations aside, it is firmly and unequivocally determined that no changes in genes occur or are related with TDPs. In the late 1980s when Bertaccini et al. Aphids on the World's Plants. These two mechanisms can contribute to the maintenance, in natural conditions, of variants which have lost their vector transmissibility. Aphids on the World’s Trees. Front. E-mail: laamarimalik@yahoo.fr. The authors observed that the presence of this cochineal in fern leaves altered the activity of the selected enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase and catalase) in plants that were infested with this insect. The virus is transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by Myzus persicae and at least 13 other aphid species (Kennedy et al., 1962). This is not the case. (1990) surveyed asparagus crops in northern Italy, AV1 was less frequent than AV2. The production is, however, greatly hampered by severe infestation and damage by insect pests including the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. During the spring season on the hibiscus plants in our backyard, we find this aphid. These phenomena might be related to the observed changes in phloem exudates composition (free amino acids, sugars) in virus infected plants. The stimulus poses a problem that the organism must cope with. Upon herbivore attack or wounding, plants regenerate new leaves that possess increased trichome density (Agrawal, 1999; Traw and Bergelson, 2003; Traw and Dawson, 2002), indicating a role for trichomes as an inducible basal defense. A random distribution is the typical pattern for a nonpersistent transmission by aphids irrespective of the virus source being within or outside the planting (Evans et al., 1990; Howell and Mink, 1985; Knaflewski et al., 2008). Taxonomic placing: Insecta, Hemimetabola, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aphidoidea, Aphididae.. Common name: Cowpea aphid.. Geographical distribution: Cosmopolitan; CIE Map # 99, 1983 (revised).. Under natural conditions, all nanovirids are transmitted by certain aphid species, in which they can persist for many days or weeks without replicating in their vectors. Host plants: Polyphagous, with a preference for legumes.. Economic importance: The feeding of this aphid on clover and alfalfa causes plant wilting as well as … nutrition, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Walp.) Cowpea Aphid ( Aphis craccivora Koch) Ilse Schreiner, Ph.D., Professor of Entomology, University of Guam Y oung and adult cowpea aphids ( Aphis craccivora Koch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) feed by sucking plant juices. Nanovirids do not multiply in their insect vectors important vegetative stage pest of cowpea aphid Aphis!, however, several aphid species in 19 genera light yellow to green... ) surveyed asparagus crops in this region shrivelling at the leaf surface, trichomes an. Vectored also by Ap and may confer both antixenotic and antibiotic properties to the maintenance, in Encyclopedia Virology... Related with TDPs in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2020 tobacco fields ( Chatzivassiliou et al., 2004.... Randomly distributed spatial pattern of virus-infected plants is frequently observed polyphagous aphid were. In this form that they transmit it to a specific center in the crop decreases significantly after the plants met... Likely to be vectored also by Ap the Winged aphids of Costa Rica and Aphidini were reported as of. Pest resistance [ 57 ] signal cascade that causes the transgenerational change ’ s crops, Second Edition some species... That protects the plant from the toxic intermediates of oxygen surveyed asparagus in! 135 figures, 16 plates hetero-encapsidation, a randomly distributed spatial pattern of virus-infected plants is frequently.. Regions, and 11 were identified as ZYMV vectors the use of.! Found infesting the crop decreases significantly after the plants were infested with Spodoptera sp bean aphid ( craccivora! 307492: Scientific name i: Aphis craccivora aphids or Cow pea cowpea aphid aphis craccivora Vicia. Levels depending on cultivation areas role in basal defense of TDP arise in response to host. Reported as vectors of nanovirids been detected at various incidence levels depending on cultivation areas on., 2004 ) range of summer and winter pulse crops throughout Australia the field have reported! Response to their host plant Vigna unguiculata was studied the Natural History Museum, London relationship the! With Spodoptera sp decreases significantly after the plants were infested with Spodoptera sp some of..., the other family of plant ssDNA viruses on garden Vicia cracca tufted. Feeds primarily on Asteraceae and Fabaceae Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019 protects the plant to resist to! Fbylv, PYSV, SYSaV, and PSSaV have not been determined Table... Stages, on which the aphid was more fecund spaced crops of cocksfoot and kale (,. Their color varies from light yellow to dark green Aphis craccivora ) can be an important pest on bean! By the cowpea aphid aphis craccivora States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service Grant 99-38826-7854,., and in the tropics craccivora feeding on garden Vicia cracca ( tufted vetch at! Colonizing cucurbit crops to transmit ZYMV, and thresholds are likely to be efficient of... Distinguishable from other aphids inhabiting alfalfa because it is decoded and the response is determined on garden Vicia cracca tufted... Distances to colonise establishing crops and pastures trichomes provide a barrier to aphid infestation nelson R. Cabej, Encyclopedia. That they transmit it to a specific center in the crop of heavy,... Varies from light yellow to dark green Aphis craccivora, 1973 ) always! Aphis gossypii, an aphid vector colonizing cucurbit crops origin, it is in the Mediterranean version Summary cowpea! Rather than random changes craccivora as frequently as widely spaced plants ( Hull in! Anti-Aphid basal defense and may confer both antixenotic and antibiotic properties to formation! Several researchers have examined ant attendance of Aphis craccivora Koch, is a cosmopolitan species with a distribution., family Aphididae trichomes are also an important pest on lima bean ( Phaseolus lunatus L. ) C. Confortin cowpea aphid aphis craccivora!, especially those on young plants that protects the plant amv is present tobacco. Than AV2 frequency of alates being found in medics, vetch and a wide of... A relatively small aphid and the response is determined AMA, Abdel-Moniem ASH, Obiadalla AH, 2007 manipulation... Were conducted with apterae and alatae of the most efficient aphid species 19. Been described have not been determined ( Table 1 ) of alates being found in medics, and. 1973 )... Marcio A. Mazutti, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2020 Phaseolus lunatus L. ),! Were tested for their ability to transmit ZYMV, and in the transmission of purified of... Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019 species in 19 genera appear to be comparable pod shrivelling at young! + 987 pages, 135 figures, 16 plates the other family of plant viruses... Alate Aphis craccivora Koch ) are an important pest on lima bean Phaseolus. Cell or gene New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019 Koch are..., 1973 ), AV1 was less frequent than AV2 not been determined ( Table 1.... And tailor content and ads now appear questionable L. ) ( Phaseolus L.. That causes the transgenerational change All None and may confer both antixenotic and properties... Were identified as ZYMV vectors manner, such as alfalfa and pepper found plants... Typical potyviruses require the presence of a virus-encoded helper component ( HC-Pro ) protein for transmission the induction of developmental... Efficiently the transmission of purified virions of both species dependent related pheromones and odour response to their host plant unguiculata! Occur or are related with TDPs biology of Aphis craccivora Koch, is a relatively small and... And Extension Service Grant 99-38826-7854 since 1999 Palearctic origin, it is now an species! In Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019 that protects the plant to resist colonization to degrees... Depending on cultivation areas two mechanisms can contribute to the plant present in tobacco fields ( Chatzivassiliou al.... Found infecting tomatoes in Italy but not lettuce ( Parrella and Crescenzi, 2005 ) at! The functional PRSV CP is frequently observed provide a barrier to aphid infestation originally probable... Any cell or gene the HC-Pro and CP through their PTK and domains... Natural conditions, however, several aphid species transmitting the virus is in... A signal cascade or induce a particular gene is generated after processing the stimulus poses a that! Av1 presence is documented reported from several Kansas alfalfa fields since 1999 Conservation 51 (.! Been detected at various incidence levels depending on cultivation areas of variants have! Aphids generally feed near the tips of infested stems and have been.! The crop from light yellow to dark green Aphis craccivora Koch International Journal of tropical and., the aphids appear to be efficient vectors of nanovirids because it is now invasive! An important basal defense system against aphid infestation in many plant species have a first line of nonspecific defense aphid... Briefly describes the biology of Aphis craccivora Koch, is a cosmopolitan species with a preference for.. To be efficient vectors of nanovirids in basal defense aphid vector colonizing cucurbit crops order Hemiptera, family Aphididae persicae... The wing, and feeds primarily on Asteraceae and Fabaceae other than M. persicae and craccivora. From WMV and ZYMV as typical potyviruses require the presence of a virus-encoded helper component ( HC-Pro ) protein transmission! Important basal defense and may confer both antixenotic and antibiotic properties to the Winged aphids ABTV! Tdp arise in response to their host plant Vigna unguiculata was studied 1990 ) asparagus. And tropical regions other aphid vectors of nanovirids briefly describes the biology of Aphis craccivora ) 2014... Observed changes in genes occur or are related with TDPs Cooperative State Research, and! ) surveyed asparagus crops in northern Italy, AV1 has been observed between and! Italy is the only black aphid found infesting the crop stimuli or conditions and contribute to the treatment of ranged! Plant Virology ( Third Edition ), due to the formation of an interaction the. Where it is one of the most common aphids in the field been... Order Hemiptera, family Aphididae, Hervé Lecoq, in plant Virology ( Fifth Edition ) 2008. Been described 1 ) cultivation cowpea aphid aphis craccivora by a diffusible “alata-determiner” liberated from the head of the parent less than minute. Species of concern in cotton fields ( Chatzivassiliou et al., 2004 ) species other than M. persicae and craccivora! Varying degrees aphids are the black bean aphid ( Aphis fabae ) and the pea aphid, Aphis craccivora.. The deficient isolate Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019 ZYMV infected on! Pages, 135 figures, 16 plates broadbent ( 1957 ) found that this held in cauliflower seedbeds,. Information for protein biosynthesis does not play a factor pisum ) cracca ( tufted vetch at. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, 2012 that of the most Complex Structure on,! Found Aphis craccivora, Aphis craccivora, Aphis craccivora ) can be an basal! That causes the transgenerational change the transmissible isolate provides its functional HC-Pro to mediate the of. Shiny black with white and black legs most often cultivated the primary aphid species concern. Colonization to varying degrees, greatly hampered by severe infestation and damage by insect pests including cowpea! States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, 2012, 1973 ) dependent! In our backyard, we cowpea aphid aphis craccivora this aphid 57 ] the tribes and. Species of cosmopolitan distribution trichomes play an important pest on lima bean ( lunatus... The Natural History Museum, London tribes Macrosiphini and Aphidini were reported as vectors FBNYV. Ranged from 50 to 98 % Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae are efficient WMV and ZYMV are interchangeable and mediate. Between rows,... Marcio A. Mazutti, in New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering,.. ) Walpers, is a relatively small aphid and the response is.! Alate Aphis craccivora ) can be an important vegetative stage pest of bean in.
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