The social and economic impact of the Thirty Years War varied throughout Europe. By the spring of 1635, the Catholic and the Protestant sides met for negotiations, producing the Peace of Prague (1635), which entailed a delay in the enforcement of the Edict of Restitution for forty years. The spark that set off the Thirty Years War came in 1618, when the Archbishop of Prague ordered a Protestant church destroyed. Along with several territorial adjustments, the terms of the Peace of Westphalia included a return to the principles in the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, in which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state. Europe in 1648: A simplified map of Europe in 1648, showing the new borders established after the Peace of Westphalia. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Gustavus Adolphus’s forces defeated the Catholic League led by Tilly. Though it was primarily centered in Germany, several other countries became involved in the conflict, including France, Spain, and Sweden. This added a third major faith to the region, but its position was not recognized in any way by the Augsburg terms, to which only Catholicism and Lutheranism were parties. Danish involvement, referred to as the Low Saxon War, began when Christian IV of Denmark, a Lutheran who also ruled as Duke of Holstein, a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire, helped the Lutheran rulers of neighboring Lower Saxony by leading an army against Ferdinand II’s imperial forces in 1625. The Thirty Years War - A Summary -Change in Social Condition- Late Medieval existence for the peasantry was one of unwitting confinement on the lands of a provincial lord. The population’s sentiments notwithstanding, the added insult of the nobility’s rejection of Ferdinand, who had been elected Bohemian Crown Prince in 1617, triggered the Thirty Years’ War in 1618, when his representatives were thrown out of a window and seriously injured. The three treaties involved were the Peace of Münster (between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Spain), the Treaty of Münster (between the Holy Roman Emperor and France and their respective allies), and the Treaty of Osnabrück (between the Holy Roman Empire and Sweden and their respective allies). France aligned its strategy with the allied Swedes in Wismar (1636) and Hamburg (1638). Following is a summary … It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, resulting in millions of casualties. Gustav was concerned about the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire, and like Christian IV before him, was heavily subsidized by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of Louis XIII of France, and by the Dutch. Peace was short lived; the Danish duchy, under the rule of Christian IV, rallied troops to support the Protestants against Ferdinand. In 1609, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia (1576–1612), increased Protestant rights. study France then entered the conflict, beginning the final period of the Thirty Years’ War. This angered those who sought religious uniformity. Mansfeld died some months later of illness, apparently tuberculosis, in Dalmatia. In some areas of Germany, it has been suggested that up to 60% of the population died. France retained the control of the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun near Lorraine, received the cities of the Décapole in Alsace and the city of Pignerol near the Spanish Duchy of Milan. King Matthias of Bohemia, who was also Holy Roman Emperor, had no legitimate heirs and in 1617 named the Archduke of Austria, Ferdinand, heir to the Bohemian throne and likewise put him in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. His policies were considered heavily pro-Catholic. A year later, they met again in another Protestant victory, this time accompanied by the death of Tilly. He drew up a new military code. As the preacher John Calvin's more radical Protestant beliefs gained footing among Europeans during the middle of the sixteenth century, Calvinists began to clamor for the same recognition and acceptance that Lutheran rulers and subjects had achieved with the Peace of Augsburg. With news of the outcome reaching Frederick V of the Palatinate, the king was forced to sign an armistice with Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, thus ending the “Palatine Phase” of the Thirty Years’ War. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? The military reforms—among which tight discipline was one of the prevailing principles—brought the Swedish military to the highest levels of military readiness and were to become the standard that European states would strive for. Ferdinand II may have feared that Wallenstein would switch sides, and arranged for his arrest after removing him from command. Negotiations concluded with the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629, which stated that Christian IV could retain control over Denmark (including the duchies of Sleswick and Holstein) if he would abandon his support for the Protestant German states. The power taken by Ferdinand III in contravention of the Holy Roman Empire’s constitution was stripped and returned to the rulers of the Imperial States. 16 chapters | The corp of engineers were the most modern of their age, and in the campaigns in Germany the population repeatedly expressed surprise at the extensive nature of the entrenchment and the elaborate nature of the equipment. The Peace of Augsburg ended early conflict between German Lutherans and Catholics and established a principle in which princes were guaranteed the right to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled. The Thirty Years War began as a religious civil war between the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany that engaged the Austrian Habsburgs and the German princes. Gustavus Adolphus allied with France and Bavaria. In the twenty-first century, we take religious freedom for granted: if you don't like the church you attended last Sunday, try the one across the street. The imperial army suffered 20,000 casualties. General recognition of the exclusive sovereignty of each party over its lands, people, and agents abroad, and responsibility for the warlike acts of any of its citizens or agents. While the conflict took place mainly in the area of modern day Germany, it involved many of the great European powers at that time. This alarmed the primarily Calvinist population of Bohemia as Ferdinand was an ardent Catholic. The causes of the Thirty Years War in Western Europe: By 1600, two camps had emerged in western Europe: France and the United Provinces The House of Habsburg (Spain and Austria) Phillip III of Spain attempted to continue the foreign policy aspirations of his father, Phillip II, which essentially meant that Spain had to be … As a result, Sweden landed troops in Pomerania in 1630 and France and Sweden signed an alliance - despite France being a Catholic country - to aid the Protestant German states. Create your account. Swedish forces entered the Holy Roman Empire via the Duchy of Pomerania, which had served as the Swedish bridgehead since the Treaty of Stettin (1630). However, if you had lived four hundred years ago, choosing a church was such an important decision that making the wrong choice could cost you your life! One of the causes of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was the growing religious and political tension between Roman Catholics and Protestant Christians. No longer able to tolerate the encirclement of two major Habsburg powers on its borders, Catholic France entered the Thirty Years’ War on the side of the Protestants to counter the Habsburgs and bring the war to an end. The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. These conflicts are known as the Thirty Years' War. Although the Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to hostilities, it did not resolve the underlying religious conflict, which was made yet more complex by the spread of Calvinism throughout Germany in the years that followed. The Swedes scored several victories in the northern and central parts of the Empire, led by their King Gustavus Adolphus, until he died in battle in 1632. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. Thanks to Xios, Alan Haskayne, Lachlan Lindenmayer, William Crabb, Derpvic, Seth Reeves and all my other Patrons. In some areas in Europe, especially in Germany, the Thirty Years War had a devastating impact. Conflict between the Emperor and an alliance of German princes - named the Schmalkaldic League - that preferred Lutheranism was settled with the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, in which the Emperor Charles V agreed to allow the princes of each state within the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the religion of their state. However, an imperial army led by Octavio Piccolomini managed to check the Franco-Swedish army in Bavaria, though their position remained fragile. The end of the Thirty Years’ War was not brought about by one treaty, but instead by a group of treaties, collectively named the Peace of Westphalia. The Protestant cause seemed to wax toward a quick overall victory. Ferdinand received support from Albrecht von Wallenstein, who led troops to defeat Christian IV’s army. In fact, the population of the Holy Roman Empire, the conflict’s main theatre, did not recover its prewar levels until around 60 years after the war ended. Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia feared they would be losing the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II in his Letter of Majesty (1609). These states employed relatively large mercenary armies, and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France-Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence. However, other Protestants supported the stance taken by the Catholics, and in 1617 Ferdinand was duly elected by the Bohemian Estates to become the Crown Prince and, automatically upon the death of Matthias, the next King of Bohemia. As the rebellion collapsed, the widespread confiscation of property and suppression of the Bohemian nobility ensured the country would return to the Catholic side after more than two centuries of Protestant dissent. Describe the events surrounding the Defenestration of Prague. Most of the fighting took place in the Holy Roman Empire, although the war grew to include European powers outside of the Empire. In that era, almost everyone was vested on one side of the dispute or another. Religious tensions remained strong throughout the second half of the 16th century. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire between 1618 and 1648. Defenestration of Prague: A later woodcut of the Defenestration of Prague in 1618, which triggered the Thirty Years’ War. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, resulting in millions of casualties. After this catastrophe, Frederick V, already in exile in The Hague, and under growing pressure from his father-in-law, James I, to end his involvement in the war, was forced to abandon any hope of launching further campaigns. Only in the relatively minor Mantuan episode did France have any military involvement but this was short-lived and did not involve the major European powers. The position of the Holy Roman Emperor was mainly titular, but the emperors, from the House of Habsburg, also directly ruled a large portion of imperial territory (lands of the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Bohemia), as well as the Kingdom of Hungary. The continental conflict arose out of political and religious issues in the Holy Roman Empire and Europe as a whole, and its conclusion in 1648 changed the face of European politics. Through a wide variety of key documents—most of which appear in English for the first time here—this sourcebook reveals the origins, significance, and consequences of the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), the first great, and catastrophic, pan-European conflict. Though the Bohemians and their Protestant allies were defeated, fighting began again in 1625 with Denmark's invasion of the Holy Roman Empire on behalf of the Protestant state of Saxony, which the Danish King Christian IV feared might fall to the Catholic states that encircled it. Drawing on a huge body of source material from different languages and countries throughout Europe, it provided a clear and comprehensive narrative and analytical account of the subject. From 1630 to 1634, Swedish-led armies drove the Catholic forces back, regaining much of the lost Protestant territory. During this time, and while Sweden was under a truce with Poland, Gustav established a military system that was to become the envy of Europe. This protected the Lutheran rulers of northeastern Germany, but not those of the south and west. By 1617, it was apparent that Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, would die without an heir, with his lands going to his nearest male relative, his cousin Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, heir-apparent and Crown Prince of Bohemia. Upon Rudolf’s death, Matthias succeeded in the rule of Bohemia. Chris has an M.A. In the same year, Gabriel Bethlen, the Calvinist prince of Transylvania, died. Only the port of Stralsund continued to hold out against Wallenstein and the emperor, having been bolstered by Scottish “volunteers” who arrived from the Swedish army to support their countrymen already there in the service of Denmark. The war had its origin in the religious disputes between the Catho­lics and the Protests. Over a four-year period, the warring parties of the Thirty Years’ War (the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Sweden) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia. The treaties did not restore peace throughout Europe, but they did create a basis for national self-determination. Moreover, neither of the substantial British contingents arrived in time to prevent Wallenstein’s defeat of Mansfeld’s army at the Battle of Dessau Bridge (1626) or Tilly’s victory at the Battle of Lutter (1626). The new improvements to Sweden’s military order even pervaded the state by fueling fundamental changes in the economy. These results left only the imperial territories of Austria safely in Habsburg hands. The 30 Years' War, which took place in the first half of the 17th century, is one of the most devastating wars in European history. The northern Protestant states, angered by the violation of their rights to choose granted in the Peace of Augsburg, banded together to form the Protestant Union. Notably, one of the reasons that Sweden had so readily embraced it was because converting to Lutheranism allowed the crown to seize all the lands in Sweden that were possessed by the Roman Catholic Church. Visit the History 102: Western Civilization II page to learn more. For instance, in 1621, Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish sovereignty. The Peace established the principle Cuius regio, eius religio (“Whose realm, his religion”), which allowed Holy Roman Empire state princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. This war wasn’t only long but affected practically every country. The crisis had a constitutional and political as well as a religious dimension. The tide of the war turned clearly toward France and against Spain in 1640, starting with the siege and capture of the fort at Arras. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. This was a serious blow to Protestant ambitions in the region. Ferdinand was a proponent of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and not well-disposed to Protestantism or Bohemian freedoms. Soldiers were to be rewarded for meritorious service. When this lesson is completed, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The war can be divided into four major phases: The Bohemian Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention, and the French intervention. The Danes were defeated several times in Germany and in their own territory and retreated to the Danish islands where Wallenstein, who was without a fleet, could not reach the Danish forces. | 11 Without heirs, Emperor Matthias sought to assure an orderly transition during his lifetime by having his dynastic heir (the fiercely Catholic Ferdinand of Styria, later Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor) elected to the separate royal thrones of Bohemia and Hungary. These treaties ended both the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. courses that prepare you to earn The first edition of The Thirty Years' War offered an unrivalled survey of a central period in European history. The treaty also extended that tolerance to allow the minority religion of the territory to practice freely. After dismissing Wallenstein in 1630, from fear he was planning a revolt, Ferdinand II became dependent on the Catholic League. An error occurred trying to load this video. The effects of the war included the creation of the Peace of Westphalia and a start to remaking the … In the Holy Roman Empire, where the Emperor remained a staunch Catholic, members of these sects often had to fight to defend their rights to worship or emigrate to states with princes or monarchs sympathetic to Protestantism. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty, in particular Emperor Ferdinand II, which triggered the Thirty Years’ War. All rights reserved. When Arras fell, the way was opened for the French to take all of Flanders. Meanwhile, Protestant Sweden worried about the growing Catholic forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and what that would mean for Swedish control of the Baltic Sea. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. You must be certain that you do not confuse these two events. Ever since the Peace of Westphalia ended The Thirty Years' War, the balance of political power among the countries of Europe has changed. Study.com has thousands of articles about every Calvinists were granted the same degree of toleration in the Holy Roman Empire that Lutherans had been afforded since 1555, and the states of the Holy Roman Empire were granted a greater degree of sovereignty from the imperial throne than they had previously held; indeed, any illusions Emperor Ferdinand III had of retaining strong authority over all of the Holy Roman Empire's provinces and maintaining the Empire as a solely Catholic entity were shattered. Christian, who knew nothing of Wallenstein’s forces when he invaded, was forced to retire before the combined forces of Wallenstein and Tilly. Immediately after the defenestration, the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war. In the face of French and Swedish victories in the north and west, Ferdinand III (who had taken the imperial throne after his father's death in 1637) sought to negotiate an end to the protracted conflict. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. As he was an imperial elector, this could have produced a Protestant majority in the college that elected the Holy Roman Emperor, a position that Catholics had always held. After the Defenestration of Prague and the ensuing Bohemian Revolt, the Protestants warred with the Catholic League until the former were firmly defeated at the Battle of Stadtlohn in 1623. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. The History of the Thirty Years War by Friedrich von Schiller is a comprehensive work of the political and for all religious climates in Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century (1618-1648). Eventually, however, it came to involve political control and territory as well. In fact, almost all of the powerful countries in Europe were involved in the war. Thirty Years War, 1618–48, general European war fought mainly in Sweden received Western Pomerania, Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs, thus gaining a seat and vote in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire. Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus clashed in the Battle of Lützen (1632), where the Swedes prevailed, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed. In the Second Battle of Breitenfeld, in 1642, outside Leipzig, the Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson defeated an army of the Holy Roman Empire led by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy, Prince-General Ottavio Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi. As a result of this seizure and the money that the crown gained, the crown was greatly empowered. In 1618 the Calvinists revolted, famously by first throwing some of Ferdinand's Catholic advisers out a church window in Prague, an event which became known as the Defenestration of Prague. He then laid siege to Stralsund, the only belligerent Baltic port with sufficient facilities to build a large fleet; it soon became clear, however, that the cost of continuing the war would far outweigh any gains from conquering the rest of Denmark. The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 until 1648. Blues indicate Catholic regions and red/orange indicate Protestant (including Lutheran, Calvinist, Hussite, and Reform). asked the tavern drinkers in Goethe’s Faust—and the answer is no easier to find today than in the late 18th, or early 17th, century. The Calvinist rebels in Bohemia appealed to the other Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire for help in throwing off Catholic rule, but their efforts and those of the few allies they found failed; the Bohemians were defeated decisively by Ferdinand - now Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II - in 1620 at the Battle of White Mountain. 1618-1648 & 1733-1763. On May 23, 1618, an assembly of Protestants seized them and threw them (and also secretary Philip Fabricius) out of the palace window, which was some sixty-nine feet off the ground. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal Anyone can earn Early French military efforts were met with disaster, and the Spanish counter-attacked, invading French territory. Despite the odds being stacked against them, the Swedish army won. Ferdinand II was a devout Roman Catholic and relatively intolerant when compared to his predecessor, Rudolf II. For the outbreak of the war the deepening crisis of the Holy Roman Empire was of crucial importance. Denmark’s cause was aided by France, which together with Charles I had agreed to help subsidize the war, not the least because Christian was a blood uncle to both the Stuart king and his sister Elizabeth of Bohemia through their mother, Anne of Denmark. In some lordships and cities, the numbers of Calvinists, Catholics, and Lutherans were approximately equal. Thus, in the following two years, the Catholic powers subjugated more land. The Battle of Prague in 1648 became the last action of the Thirty Years’ War. Just two years after the Defenestration of Prague, Ferdinand and the Catholics regained power in the Battle of White Mountain on November 8, 1620. Some 13,700 Scottish soldiers under the command of General Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Nithsdale, were sent as allies to help Christian IV. Painting by Grisaille by Adrian van de Venne, 1643. Almost four centuries on, the Thirty Years’ War teaches us how protracted conflict can bring about famine and spell disaster for civilians. In addition, the Swedish army took 5,000 prisoners and seized forty-six guns, at a cost to themselves of 4,000 killed or wounded. From 1630 to 1634, Swedish-led armies drove the Catholic forces back, regaining much of the lost Protestant territory, especially at the key Battle of Breitenfeld. Denmark was funded by tolls on the Oresund and also by extensive war reparations from Sweden. Wallenstein lacked a fleet, and neither the Hanseatic ports nor the Poles would allow the building of an imperial fleet on the Baltic coast. Fighting continued between France and Spain until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. Identify the reasons why France was invested in the events of the Thirty Years’ War. Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of King Louis XIII of France, considered the Habsburgs too powerful because they held a number of territories on France’s eastern border, including portions of the Netherlands. To fight Christian, Ferdinand II employed the military help of Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Bohemian nobleman who had made himself rich from the confiscated estates of his Protestant countrymen. After the Bohemian Revolt was suppressed by Ferdinand II, the Danish king, Christian IV, fearing that recent Catholic successes threatened his sovereignty as a Protestant nation, led troops against Ferdinand. What Is The Difference Between NGSS & CCSS? One of Wallenstein’s soldiers, Captain Devereux, killed him when he attempted to contact the Swedes in the town hall of Eger (Cheb) on February 25, 1634. In 1618, Ferdinand’s royal representatives were thrown out of a window and seriously injured in the so-called Defenestration of Prague, which provoked open Protestant revolt in Bohemia. Create an account to start this course today. Did you know… We have over 220 college This period, known as the Thirty Years’ War, began with a religious dispute. Most textbooks refer to two different series of events as the "Thirty Years' War. The 1635 Treaty of Prague stated that princes of the Holy Roman Empire were not allowed to make alliances and treaties with outside sovereign states and merged the armies of each state within the Holy Roman Empire into one imperial army. Although the majority of Germany suffered from famine and economic ruin, there were regions that came out of the war … Denmark had feared that the recent Catholic successes threatened its sovereignty as a Protestant nation. How Long is the School Day in Homeschool Programs? There was plundering and pillaging in Prague for weeks following the battle. The Thirty Years’ War was a European continental war that took place from 1618-1648 (thirty years!). Denmark’s King Christian IV had obtained for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe. Soon afterward, the Bohemian conflict spread through all of the Bohemian Crown, including Bohemia, Silesia, Upper and Lower Lusatia, and Moravia. How many people died in the Thirty Years' War? Then, the tide began to turn for the French. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Rhine lands and those south to the Danube were largely Catholic, while the north was dominated by Lutherans, and certain other areas, such as west-central Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, were dominated by Calvins. Another branch of the House of Habsburg ruled over Spain and its empire, which included the Spanish Netherlands, southern Italy, the Philippines, and most of the Americas. 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